Application of three different water treatment technologies to shale gas produced water

Shale gas produced water is a hypersaline wastewater that is generated during the shale gas development process called as a hydraulic fracturing. The produced water contains many substances including inorganic salts, organic compounds, and particulates. The treatment process of the produced water is mainly composed of four parts: oil and water separation, removal of suspended solids, removal of organics, and salts removal. This study focuses on the total dissolved salts removal through applying three different desalination techniques – membrane distillation (MD), reverse osmosis (RO), and evaporative crystallization (EC). The experiments were conducted using synthetic shale gas produced water to understand the changes of chemical properties in permeate and concentrate. In the permeate solution, MD and EC showed more than 99% of salts removal efficiency for all ions, but RO showed relativ…