Evaluation of effective quantum yields of photosystem II for CO 2 leakage monitoring in carbon capture and storage sites

Vegetation monitoring can be used to detect CO 2 leakage in carbon capture and storage (CCS) sites because it can monitor a large area at a relatively low cost. However, a rapidly responsive, sensitive, and cost-effective plant parameters must be suggested for vegetation monitoring to be practically utilized as a CCS management strategy. To screen the proper plant parameters for leakage monitoring, a greenhouse experiment was conducted by exposing kale ( Brassica oleracea var. viridis), a sensitive plant, to 10%, 20%, and 40% soil CO 2 concentrations. Water and water with CO 2 stress treatments were also introduced to examine the parameters differentiating CO 2 stress from water stresses. We tested the hypothesis that chlorophyl fluorescence parameters would be early and sensitive indicator to detect CO 2 leakage. The results showed that the fluorescence parameters of effective quantum y…