Thin Titanium Nitride Layer-Inserted Porous Ru0.3Sn0.35Ti0.35O2–x Anode for Stable Chlorine Evolution Reaction

Developing robust anodes for the electrochemical chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is critical for producing chlorine, an essential commodity for various industries. Dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs), typically composed of Ti substrates and mixed metal oxide catalysts such as IrO 2 –RuO 2 –TiO 2, are the current state-of-the-art for industrial CER anodes. To achieve high electrochemical stability of DSAs, designing catalytic systems based on an understanding of the failure mechanism is a crucial strategy. This study investigates the failure mechanisms of Ru 0.3 Sn 0.35 Ti 0.35 O 2– x electrodes during CER under neutral conditions. Through combined cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)-electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses, we identified that the primary failure mechanism is the passivation of the Ti …