Oligohistidine‐Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube‐Guided RNA Delivery to Improve Shoot Regeneration Efficiency in Plant Calli

Abstract Plant tissue culture is fundamental to the fields of genetic engineering and biotechnology, yet its efficiency remains limited by intrinsic genetic barriers. Here, a novel approach is presented to improve shoot regeneration in plant calli using single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) functionalized with an oligohistidine peptide (His 6 ‐SWNT) for targeted RNA delivery. The His 6 ‐SWNT carrier exhibits enhanced pH sensitivity and controlled release of nucleic acids in the cytosolic environment without causing damage to plant cells, enabling effective delivery of short tandem target mimicry RNA (STTM396) to inhibit microRNA396 (miR396), a known inhibitor of shoot regeneration. It is demonstrated that His 6 ‐SWNT complex (STTM396–SWNT) maintains colloidal stability while efficiently loading and releasing RNA. When applied to Arabidopsis and tomato calli, STTM396–SWNT treatment succe…