Tracing magmatic–hydrothermal processes in IOCG systems: The Shabdiz iron deposit, Iran

The Shabdiz Fe deposit, located in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Structural Zone of Iran, comprises magnetite- and hematite-dominated mineralization within metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, spatially associated with sodic–calcic and potassic hydrothermal alteration. Magnetite occurs as massive to lenticular bodies, with hematite and minor pyrite. The earliest stage involved granular magnetite and specularite linked to sodic–calcic alteration, followed by platy magnetite, mushketovite, titanomaghemite, and secondary hematite during potassic alteration. A later chlorite–epidote alteration overprinted earlier assemblages, and quartz–pyrite veins cut across all phases.Field and mineralogical evidence supports an iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG)-type genesis. Variations in magnetite texture and trace elements (e.g., Ti, V, Co, Ni, and Ga) reflect progressive hydrothermal evolution. High-temperature, oxidiz…