Air-permeable hydrogels through viscoelastic phase separation of aerogels

Hydrogels are widely used in biomedical interfaces, in which effective gas exchange (for example, O2, CO2) within a water-rich environment is essential. However, hydrogels show intrinsically limited air exchange efficiency, owing to the low solubility (C) and diffusivity (D) of non-polar gases in the polar water medium1. This limitation poses a substantial bottleneck in long-term applications, such as wearable health monitors2–7 and tissue engineering8–12. Existing methods13–16 to enhance air permeability suffer from poor robustness and/or an inherent trade-off between permeability and water content (for example, <50 vol%). Here we introduce a viscoelastic phase separation17 (VPS)-enabled strategy to create a non-collapsible, air-rich network in high-water-content hydrogels, achieving a record-high oxygen permeability of 185 barrer with 70 vol% water—a tenfold increase compared with pris…