Physics-informed design of PV coupled alkaline water electrolysis with battery energy storage under fluctuating power through dynamic modeling

Expanding renewable energy is essential for sustainability, but fluctuating power sources pose significant challenges to the stability of green hydrogen systems. Although PV coupled water electrolyzer systems are often designed using conventional techno-economic metrics, such approaches neglect dynamic electrochemical and thermal responses under variable power operation. This study develops a physics-based dynamic model for a PV coupled alkaline water electrolysis and battery system. The model resolves coupled dynamics across the stack and the balance of plant. Twelve scenarios are proposed to examine the impact of physically informed considerations on system design. Each scenario is evaluated using three decision-making methods, comparing a conventional indicator set with an augmented set that includes physically informed indicators. The conventional indicators include LCOH, curtailment…